Programming Language OOPS!

Keyword

What is 'OOPS!' ?

GPS

Predicate

Ex:"at Tokyo","A is a man."

Assertion

assignment value to variables, if any, in predicates. Ex:"at Tokyo","Taro is a man."

State

a set of assertions. ex:{"at Ishikawa","be a student"}

Operator

An operator is a function on states. Each operators has its own condition that restricts states which it can apply to. For example, operator "take the Shinkansen bullet train 'Nozomi'" requires that argument state contains two assertions(precondition), "be at Tokyo station" and "have a ticket". When applied, this operator produces new state (= argument state - {"at Tokyo station","have a ticket"} + {"at Osaka station"}). {"at Osaka station"} is postcondition of this operator.

Problem

Problem is composed of two states (start and goal).

1. If goal is unifiable with any subset of start, this iteration finishes.
2. Otherwise, choose an operator O which reduces the difference of start and goal mostly. If there is no oeperator available, this iteratioin fails.
3. Produce two sub-problem. One is composed of original start as its start ,and postcondition of o as its goal. The other is composed of precondition of o as its start, and original goal as its goal. And search solutions on these sub-problems recursively.
4. If search on both sub-problem succeed, appends the obtained sequences of operators(O₁,O₂) and o
   O₁ + o + O₂
   and returns successfully.
5. If any sub-problem fails, remove O from the available operators set, and back to step 2 and retry.

Sample Program

Plato also dies.

alsoplatodie.ops

predicate man('W){ } predicate mortal('W){ } operator ManIsMortal('W){ require { man('W) } ensure{ mortal('W) } } problem ('Who){ start{ man(Plato) } goal{ mortal('Who) } priority{ } }

Two predicates in line 1 and 2 declare two predicates. Former predicate states that "'W is a man" and latter states that "'W is mortal".
An operator in line 3-6 declares an operator which transforms a state where "'W is a man" is true to a state where "'W is mortal" is true.
A problem in line 7-11 defines a problem to be solved. It says that "Is it possible to transform a state where "Plato is a man" to a state "Any 'W is mortal"? If this is possible, give a sequence of operators which make that transition".

When given this program, OOPS! returns below solution.

Output

bash-2.02$ java OOPS < alsoplatodie.ops ** Solved ** Start: man(Plato) Operators: ManIsMortal(Plato) Goal: mortal(Plato)

This output means that operator 'ManIsMortal' transforms initial state where "Plato is a man" to goal state where "Plato is mortal".

A Monkey wants to eat a banana.

monkeybanana.ops

// definition of predicates # A monkey is at location 'A, where 'A must be A, B or C. predicate MonkeyAt('A) { 'A: A , B , C } # A box is at location 'A, where 'A must be A,B or C. predicate BoxAt('A){ 'A: A , B , C } # 'A is on the hand, where 'A must be Empty or Banana. predicate hand('A) { 'A: Empty < Banana } // definition of operators operator getBanana() { # get a banana at hand require { MonkeyAt( C) # move to C where is a banana. BoxAt(C) # be on the box to get the banana. hand(Empty) # freehand } ensure { MonkeyAt( C) # monkey is at C. BoxAt(C) # the box is also at C. hand(Banana) # Monkey has the banana in his hand. } } operator move('X,'Y){ # move to 'Y from 'X. require { MonkeyAt( 'X) } ensure { MonkeyAt( 'Y) } } operator moveBox('X,'Y){ # move the box to 'Y from 'X require { MonkeyAt('X) # the monkey and the box are at same location. BoxAt('X) hand(Empty) # the monkey must be free-hand. } ensure{ MonkeyAt('Y) # The monkey moves to 'Y with the box BoxAt('Y) hand(Empty) # The monkey will be free-hand after he moved the box. } } // problem to solve problem() { start { MonkeyAt(A) # The monkey is at A. BoxAt(B) # The box is at B. hand(Empty) # The monkey is freehand. } goal{ hand(Banana) # The goal is get the banana. } priority { MonkeyAt < BoxAt < hand } }

Output

bash-2.02$ java OOPS < monkeybanana.ops ** Solved ** Start: MonkeyAt(A) BoxAt(B) hand(Empty) Operators: move(A,B) moveBox(B,C) getBanana() Goal: BoxAt(C) MonkeyAt(C) hand(Banana)

This output says

• move from A to B(move(A,B))
• move from B to C with a box in hand(moveBox(B,C))
• then the monkey can get a banana.

OOPS!

bash-2.02$ java OOPS < difficult.ops
** OOPS!! fail to solve **

Other

types

FLAT type

Any value can be assigned to variable of flat type. And there is no order in these values.

NUM type

To variables of NUM type, only numeral values can be assigned.

Ordered type

You can restrict values to be assigned to variables of this type. And an order between these values can be defined.

predicate PersonalData ('Name,'Weight,'Height,'Address){
   'Name   : FLAT
   'Weight : NUM
   'Height : short < medium < high , tall
}

constraint condition

operator trip('From, 'To, 'Distance, 'Fare, 'Pocket) {
  require { 
    at('From) 
    distance('From,'To,'Distance)
    fare('From,'To,'Fare)
    haveMoney('Pocket)
  }
  ensure  { 
    at('To) 
  }
  where {
        'From <> 'To 
    and ('Distance > 100 or 'To = Kyoto) 
    and 'Fare <= 'Pocket
  }
}

Document

Sourece code

In addition, JavaCC and JGL is required to compile.

JavaCC

http://www.metamata.com/JavaCC/

JGL

http://www.objectspace.com/jgl/prodJGL.asp

Install