YES # parallel critical pair closing system (Shintani and Hirokawa 2022) Consider the left-linear TRS R: f(a(),b()) -> c() a() -> a'() b() -> b'() c() -> f(a'(),b()) c() -> f(a(),b'()) c() -> f(a(),b()) Let C be the following subset of R: a() -> a'() b() -> b'() c() -> f(a(),b()) The TRS R is left-linear and all parallel critical pairs are joinable by C. Therefore, the confluence of R follows from that of C. # parallel critical pair closing system (Shintani and Hirokawa 2022) Consider the left-linear TRS R: a() -> a'() b() -> b'() c() -> f(a(),b()) Let C be the following subset of R: (empty) The TRS R is left-linear and all parallel critical pairs are joinable by C. Therefore, the confluence of R follows from that of C. # emptiness The empty TRS is confluent.