YES # parallel critical pair closing system (Shintani and Hirokawa 2022) Consider the left-linear TRS R: f(i(x),g(a())) -> f(j(x,x),g(b())) b() -> a() i(x) -> j(x,x) Let C be the following subset of R: b() -> a() The TRS R is left-linear and all parallel critical pairs are joinable by C. Therefore, the confluence of R follows from that of C. # parallel critical pair closing system (Shintani and Hirokawa 2022) Consider the left-linear TRS R: b() -> a() Let C be the following subset of R: (empty) The TRS R is left-linear and all parallel critical pairs are joinable by C. Therefore, the confluence of R follows from that of C. # emptiness The empty TRS is confluent.