YES # parallel critical pair closing system (Shintani and Hirokawa 2022) Consider the left-linear TRS R: a() -> a'() h(x,a'(),y) -> h(x,y,y) h(x,y,a'()) -> h(x,y,y) g() -> f() h(f(),a(),a()) -> h(g(),a(),a()) h(g(),a(),a()) -> h(f(),a(),a()) Let C be the following subset of R: a() -> a'() g() -> f() The TRS R is left-linear and all parallel critical pairs are joinable by C. Therefore, the confluence of R follows from that of C. # parallel critical pair closing system (Shintani and Hirokawa 2022) Consider the left-linear TRS R: a() -> a'() g() -> f() Let C be the following subset of R: (empty) The TRS R is left-linear and all parallel critical pairs are joinable by C. Therefore, the confluence of R follows from that of C. # emptiness The empty TRS is confluent.